Mia Hoffman

Projects

Development of a switch access playkit for young children alongside families and clincians

The Makey Makey alongside customized 3D printed tilt sensors.

A project that initially started as a multidisciplinary clinician-driven capstone team, has evolved into a full research project. We have worked alongside families of children receiving early intervention and their clinicians to create the switch kit, a digital playkit that can be accessed using a variety of low-cost, easy-to-fabricate switches. The switch kit consists of three components: 1) digital interactive media created in Scratch, 2) an adapted MakeyMakey input device, and 3) a wide variety of do-it-yourself switches that can be adapted to each specific child. We are currently testing the efficacy of the switch kit through in-home and in-clinic deployments.

A clinical trial to test the efficacy of a body weight support system for toddler with Down Syndrome

A stuffed unicorn playing with a block while in a body weight support system.

Working alongside a team of pediatric physical therapists, I participated in a multi-site study testing the efficacy of the PUMA, a portable passive body-weight support system, for kids with Down syndrome. Fifteen young children with Down syndrome at three different sites participated in 18 play sessions with and without partial bodyweight support provided by the PUMA system. Play sessions involved knocking down block towers, rolling balls, and singing songs. I specifically analyzed children’s physical activity levels and time in upright postures during sessions using an ankle-worn accelerometer.

An on the streets view of environmental accessibility using adapted ride-on cars

A pink adapted ride-on car is shown in the upper left corner with a switch on the steering wheel and PVC back supports attached to the rear of the vehicle. A stuffed unicorn sits in the driver's seat. In the bottom left corner, a graphic of an adapted ride-on car shows seating supports in the form of an armrest and backrest and a switch mounted on the steering wheel. The datalogger is shown in red with a triangle on the hood of the car, the main datalogger is a red rectangle behind the front wheel, and the wheel rotation sensor is mounted on the front wheel as a red circle. The GPS is used to track discrete position in space and an example of a path map in latitude and longitude is shown. The Arduino is used to measure switch activations, time, and acceleration and store data. An example of on and off switch activations is shown for a single button press and continued button press. An example of tri-axis accelerometer data is also shown. Wheel rotation measures contact with a fixed magnetic sensor on the wheel. The wheel rotation is shown as a binary data source with a high showing each wheel rotation. The path length was calculated by measuring the number of wheel rotations by the wheel diameter.

Using a custom data logger in an adapted ride-on car, we were able to use GPS data to investigate the impact the accessibility of a child’s neighborhood environment has on their usage of their ride-on car. To measure environmental accessibility, we used the AccessScore from Project Sidewalk, an open-source accessibility mapping initiative, and the Walkability score, a measure of neighborhood pedestrian-friendliness. We found that children played for a longer period of time, actively drove for more of the play session, and drove further when the ROC was driven outside of the home. Most notably, we found that children drove more in pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and when in proximity to accessible paths. The accessibility of the built environment is paramount when providing any form of mobility device to a child. Providing an accessible place for a child to move, play, and explore is critical in helping a child and family adopt the mobility device into their daily life.

How do children learn to drive an Explorer Mini?

A dinosaur toy driving an Explorer Mini up to a toy mailbox.

In a collaboration between CREATE and I-LABS, we worked to understand how young kids learn to use powered mobility and the impact it has on their language development. We used the Permobil Explorer Mini, a recently FDA-approved pediatric wheelchair for kids 1-3 years, in this study. The Explorer Mini used in this study hase sensors incorporated to measure a child’s path travelled and their joystick control patterns. Thirteen children participated in up to 12 play-based driving sessions with our team in the lab while we measured their control abilties, muscle activity, and language.

Steering modifications to support early mobility

A stuffed unicorn toy sitting in an adapted ride-on car with a 3D printed steering rod mounted on the steering wheel.

For young children using power mobility, a joystick or steering wheel may hard for them to grasp due to their physical abilities or sensory challenges. As such, we have developed our own modifications for both the steering wheel of an adapted ride-on car and the joystick of an Explorer Mini. This collection of steering modifications for both the adapted ride-on car and the Explorer Mini can be 3D-printed and easily attached to the device.